RAM
Combination of Rhodamine 6G, Ardrox and MBD dyes, which fluoresce
when exposed to selected wavelengths of light; used to visualize
cyanoacrylate fumed friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Developed in 1990 by four FBI Latent Print Examiners: Harless Cummins,
Felix Peigare, Mitchell Hollars and Tim Trozzi.
RAY
A fluorescent dye stain (a combination of Rhodamine 6G, Ardrox, and
Basic Yellow 40) used to visualize cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction
ridge detail. Optimum viewing is done with an alternate light source
(450-550nm) and orange or red goggles.
R6G
See Rhodamine 6G.
RTX
See Ruthenium Tetroxide.
RUVIS
Reflective Ultra-Violet imaging system that allows visualization of friction
ridge detail in the ultraviolet spectrum.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Radial
The smaller of the two bones of the forearm, on the same side as
the thumb.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Radial Longitudinal Crease
The crease that encloses the thenar area and interdigital pad 1.
Below the proximal transverse crease. Known as the 'line of life'.
Rarity
Fewness or scarcity of an item, thing, or shape.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Reagent
Substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, examine, measure, or
produce other substances.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Red Flags
Danger signs, common in latent fingerprints that may indicate a
distortion in the ridge path.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Redox
Reduction-Oxidation. Chemical reaction in which one or more electrons
are transferred from one atom or molecule to another. An important
component of the Physical Developer and Multimetal Deposition processes.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Redwop ™
A fluorescent fingerprint powder developed by Ed German in 1986 and given to
the Lightning Powder Company.
Re-examination
A re-examination is a reassessment of a conclusion(s) which can be done by
the same individual or a different individual, and done with either the original
evidence or reproductions of the evidence. The person doing the
reassessment may or may not know of the original conclusion(s). A
re-examination is different from normal verification (although it can verify
the conclusion) because the intent of re-examination may be different.
The intent of re-examination is to check if other conclusion can also be
determined while the intent of verification is to check the reliability of
the conclusion(s). Differing conclusions may arise due to the differing
information.
Reh, Dr. Ludwig (1894)
Dr. L. Reh was an early researcher on the hands and feet of mammals. Reh
classified many of the various epidermic formations as scales but separated
the fine lines that covered the pads. He wrote "Die Schuppen
der Saugetiere" ("The Scales of Mammals") in 1894 where he stated that ridges
didn't evolve from scales, they are of secondary origin.
Reis, George
George Reis is one of the early users of digital imaging in forensics and is a
knowledgeable and prominent forensic imaging expert in the United States.
Mr. Reis started his career as a photographer, photojournalist and photo lab
technician. From 1989 to 2004 he worked for the Newport Beach Police Department
in California as a forensic photographer. In 1991 he began experimenting with
digital imaging technology and the following year NBPD started using this
technology for fingerprint analysis.
In 1995, George Reis founded Imaging Forensics, which provides training and
consulting services in both digital imaging and photography. Through his company
he has trained personnel from the Secret Service, FBI, US Army Crime Lab, state,
county and municipal agencies. In addition to training, Imaging Forensics provides
consulting to police agencies in order to help them transition to digital imaging
technology. They also provide litigation support on criminal and civil cases (for
both plaintiff and defense).
Mr. Reis is certified by the IAI in Forensic Photography. He is a former member of
the Forensic Photography subcommittee of the IAI. And is an alpha and beta tester
for Adobe Photoshop.
Relative Position
Proximity of characteristics to each other.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Reliable
Yielding the same or compatible results in different clinical experiments or
statistical trials.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=reliable 05-27-2006
Renoe, Alexander J. (A. J.) (1868-1939)
Renoe was a prominent United States identification expert in the early
1900's. He learned about personal identification from Capt. Michael P.
Evans. In 1889, while working at the Illinois State Reformatory, Renoe
was asked to organize a Bertillon identification unit for the reformatory.
In 1904, he added a fingerprints system. In 1908, he was asked to implement
a finger print system for the Minnesota State Penitentiary. Just a few
months after this he was offered the position of records clerk for the US
Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas under the Warden, Major R. W. McClaughry.
In 1914, he was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Identification for the US
Department of Justice, which was located at Leavenworth. While working in
this position, Renoe developed the extensions to the Henry System that were
used by many police departments, including the FBI. He held this position
until 1923 when this finger print section was combined with the National
Police Bureau's records to form the Identification Section of the Federal
Bureau of Identification in Washington D.C. Renoe was appointed technical
expert in the reorganization. Among his other accomplishments, in 1921 Renoe
was elected as the 2nd president of the IAI and served two terms in this position.
Reproducibility
Accuracy-extended to which a measurement agrees with the accepted
or correct value.
www.esb.utexas.edu/dbm/Teach/bot308/Unit1/02science.htm
Reticular Layer
One of the two layers of the dermis. The layer that is furthest
from the epidermis.
Reversed Image
See Image Reversal.
Reversed Color or Tones of Print
See Tonal Reversal.
Reyes, Victor
See State of Florida vs. Victor Reyes.
Rhodamine(s)
Family of dyes that produce fluorescence when exposed to selected
wavelengths of light; used to visualize cyanoacrylate fumed friction
ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Rhodamine 6G
A fluorescent dye stain used with an alternate light source to
visualize cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail. Optimum
viewing is done with an alternate light source (495-540nm) and
orange or red goggles.
Ridge (Friction)
See Friction Ridge.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Aplasia
Congenital absence of friction ridge skin.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Characteristics
See Characteristics
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Count
The number of ridges between the core and the delta. Used in the
Henry Classification System.
Ridge Detail in Nature
John Berry (Hertfordshire) commenced publication of this esoteric journal in
1979, dealing with his observations that the seven basic ridge detail
characteristics appear throughout nature, obvious examples being zebra and
wind-blown or tidal-formed ridges and furrows on sand surfaces. In the
century prior to his research, a dozen or so discoveries had been noted in
fingerprint publications. The first issue of RIDGE DETAIL IN NATURE was
circulated with ‘Fingerprint Whorld’ in 1979, featuring over seventy
discoveries, many being illustrated. Since then Berry has published twenty-
five annual issues, many profusely illustrated, and with large page counts.
The journal was re-titled STRABISMUS in 1998. At the end of 2004, the total
of ridge detail discoveries was 1,556. Alice Maceo, of the Las Vegas Metro
Police Department, has lectured at I.A.I. conferences, citing many of Berry’s
reported discoveries, and proffering her theory for the phenomenon. Berry
also lectured on the subject at fingerprint conferences in several countries
before his retirement in 1991. John Berry expresses his appreciation for the
reports of over thirty researchers in the last quarter century, especially his
friends and ex-colleagues at Hertfordshire, Martin Leadbetter and Mike Walker.
Ridge Dissociation
See Dissociated Ridges
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Dysplasia
See Dysplasia
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Flow
1. The direction of a series of adjacent friction ridges. See level 1 Detail.
2. A series of adjacent friction ridges in a directional arrangement.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Hypoplasia
Underdeveloped ridges associated with an excess of creases.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Path
1. The directional flow of a single friction ridge.
2. The course of a single friction ridge. See Level 2 Detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge Unit
Small section of a friction ridge containing one pore.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Ridgeology
The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge skin and its use for
personal identification (individualization).
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridgeology is a term developed in 1982 by Sgt. David Ashbaugh to describe
the scientific evaluation process used for friction ridge identifications.
Roquerre, Donald Daring
In 1934, in an attempt to conceal his identity, Donald Daring Roquerre mutilated
his fingerprints by conducting surgery on himself. He removed sections of skin
and exchanged them with other areas. In some fingers he merely changed the
direction of the skin. In 1953 he was arrested, the alteration of his fingerprints
was discovered and he was still easily identified.
Rosaniline Chloride
See Basic Fuschin.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Rose Bengal
A fluorescent dye stain used with an alternate light source to visualize cyanoacrylate
ester fumed friction ridge detail. The results using this method were minimal and
its use diminished in the 1980’s.
Ross, Marion
Marion Ross was the murder victim in a 1997 SCRO murder case involving
erroneous identifications.
See. McKie Case.
Rubber Lifter
A sheet of flexible rubber with a small amount of adhesive on one side used to
lift latent prints for preservation. The advantage of using a rubber lifter
is that because of it's flexibility, latents can be lifted off of textured and
curved surfaces. Rubber lifters are also helpful in lifting latent prints off
of paper items because they won't rip the paper. Latents lifted with rubber
lifters will have reversed images.
Rubbing Technique
Powdering technique that can develop friction ridge detail when
substrates are rubbed with gloves or cotton dipped in powder, usually
after surfaces are cyanoacrylate fumed.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Rudimentary
1. Of or relating to basic facts or principles; elementary.
2. Being in the earliest stages of development; incipient.
3. Biology. Imperfectly or incompletely developed; embryonic: a rudimentary beak.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=rudimentary 05-13-03
Rudimentary Ridge
See Incipient Ridge.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Due to the definitions of Rudimentary, a rudimentary ridge could be referring
to either the primary and secondary ridges or incipient ridges. It is more
common to see them referred to as incipient ridges.
Ruga (plural: rugae)
A fold or wrinkle. In friction ridge identification the rugae refers to friction
ridges.
Ruhemann's Purple
Colored compound that is the product of the reaction between amino
acids and ninhydrin.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Rule 16
The United States Federal Rule of Criminal Procedures for Discovery and Inspection.
In part, section (a) (1) (G), for expert witnesses, says, "At the defendant's
request, the government must give to the defendant a written summary of any testimony
that the government intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules
of Evidence during its case-in-chief at trial. If the government requests discovery
under subdivision (b)(1)(C)(ii) and the defendant complies, the government must,
at the defendant's request, give to the defendant a written summary of testimony
that the government intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal
Rules of Evidence as evidence at trial on the issue of the defendant's mental
condition. The summary provided under this subparagraph must describe the
witness's opinions, the bases and reasons for those opinions, and the witness's
qualifications."
Rule 701. Testimony by Lay Witnesses
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in
the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences
which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (b)
helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination
of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702 .
Rule 702. Testimony by Experts
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education,
may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony
is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of
reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles
and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
This rule went into effect in 1975 and supersedes Frye in Federal legal cases.
Rule 703. Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before
the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular
field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need
not be admissible in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted.
Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury
by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that
their probative value in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert's opinion
substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.
Rule 705. Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
The expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give reasons there
for without first testifying to the underlying facts or data, unless the court
requires otherwise. The expert may in any event be required to disclose the
underlying facts or data on cross-examination.
Rule 1001. Definitions
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
For purposes of this article the following definitions are applicable:
(1) Writings and recordings. - "Writings" and "recordings" consist of letters,
words, or numbers, or their equivalent, set down by handwriting, typewriting,
printing, photostating, photographing, magnetic impulse, mechanical or electronic
recording, or other form of data compilation.
(2) Photographs. - "Photographs" include still photographs, X-ray films, video
tapes, and motion pictures.
(3) Original. - An "original" of a writing or recording is the writing or recording
itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person executing or
issuing it. An "original" of a photograph includes the negative or any print therefrom.
If data are stored in a computer or similar device, any printout or other output
readable by sight, shown to reflect the data accurately, is an "original."
(4) Duplicate. - A "duplicate" is a counterpart produced by the same impression as
the original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, including
enlargements and miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic re-recording, or by
chemical reproduction, or by other equivalent techniques which accurately reproduces
the original.
Rule 1002. Requirement of Originals
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
To prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing,
recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise provided in these rules or
by Act of Congress.
Rule 1003. Admissibility of Duplicates
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless (1) a genuine
question is raised as to the authenticity of the original or (2) in the circumstances
it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.
Rule 1004. Admissibility of Other Evidence of Contents
The United States Federal Rule of evidence that states:
The original is not required, and other evidence of the contents of a writing, recording,
or photograph is admissible if--
(1) Originals lost or destroyed. All originals are lost or have been destroyed,
unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith; or
(2) Original not obtainable. No original can be obtained by any available judicial
process or procedure; or
(3) Original in possession of opponent. At a time when an original was under the
control of the party against whom offered, that party was put on notice, by the
pleadings or otherwise, that the contents would be a subject of proof at the hearing,
and that party does not produce the original at the hearing; or
(4) Collateral matters. The writing, recording, or photograph is not closely related
to a controlling issue.
Russell-Turner, William
Inventor of the Comparator.
Ruthenium Tetroxide (RTX)
Reagent used in the visualization of friction ridge detail,
especially on fabrics.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A chemical used in a fuming method to develop friction ridge detail on porous items.
RTX reacts with sebaceous material leaving dark gray images. This process can be used
on thermal paper, human skin, fabric, leather, glass, plastic, tape, wood, metal, stone,
walls, and wet surfaces.
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