ORO
Oil Red O.

Oakes, Sir Harry Case (Trial, Oct. 1943)
The most sensational unsolved murder that happened during WWII.  On July 8, 
1943, Sir Harry Oakes, one of the wealthiest people in the British Empire, 
was found dead in his home in the Bahamas.  The list of suspects included 
Edward VIII, Charles Lucky Luciano, and his son-in-law Freddie de Marigny, 
among others.  This case became known as one of the biggest botched 
investigations of all times.  The Govenor, the Duke of Windsor, sidestepped 
local authorities and called two experts from the Miami Police Department.  
This was the beginning of events that drew suspicion.  The investigators, 
Capt. James Barker and Capt. Edward Melchen, found a latent print on a 
Chinese screen and a bloody print on the wall, but the evidence wasn't 
preserved as well as it could have been.  They were highly criticized for 
their actions in the case.  Prominent people were allowed access to the 
crime scene prior to finishing the investigation.  The photographs of the 
bloody handprint were destroyed by light exposure prior to development.  
Barker's lifts from the screen also came into question and many people 
believed that the latent lifts were really lifted from a different object, 
like a glass.  Harry Oakes son-in-law was charged with the murder due to 
his fingerprints being identified on the screen.  During the trial, 
Barker's testimony severely damaged the prosecutions case, and Freddie 
de Marigny was found not guilty.  Maurice O'neill filed charges against 
James Barker with the IAI for fabricating evidence.  The IAI cleared 
Barker of any wrongdoing.  This was an extremely unpopular decision 
among IAI members.

Objective
Uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=objective 02-27-03

Something real and observable.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press

Oblique Lighting
A lighting technique used to visualize latent friction ridge impressions 
where the light is directed on an object in a sloping direction.

Occasional Print Features
Scarring and tension creases (or white lines) are occasional features.  
They do not appear in all representations, but they are permanent and 
repeatable.

Oil Gland
The sebaceous gland is considered an oil gland, as opposed to the eccrine 
and apocrine glands which are sweat glands.

Oil Red O Stain
A stain used in histology to stain lipoid deposits.  Suggested as a 
processing method to develop latent prints in 2004 by Alexandre Beaudoin 
of Québec, Canada.  ORO is a safe alternative to the Physical Developer 
processing method.

Okajima, Michio
Michio Okajima is a Japanese scientist who’s done thorough research regarding 
the skin.  In 1976 he wrote “Dermal and Epidermal Structure of the Volar Skin” 
in which he describes the two rows of dermal papillae. The historical relevance 
of this research was confirming that the incipient ridges are permanent friction 
ridge structures.  Some of the other articles he’s written include:
“Development of Dermal Ridges in the Fetus”.  Journal of Medical Genetics, 1975, 
Vol 12, 243-250.  
“A Methodological Approach to the Development of Epidermal Ridges Viewed on the 
Dermal Surface of Fetuses”.  Progress in Dermatoglyphic Reasearch, 1982, p. 175-188.
“Nonprimate Mammalian Dermatoglyphics as Models for Genetic and Embrylogic Studies: 
Comparative and Methodologic Aspects”.  Birth Defects: Orig. Artic., 1991, 
Ser. 27:131–149.

Oligodactyly
Fewer than the normal number of fingers or toes. Oligo- is from the 
Greek "oligos" (few or scanty) + -dactyly from the Greek "dactylos" 
(finger) = few fingers. Oligodactyly is the opposite of polydactyly 
which means too many fingers or toes.
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6668 06-18-2003

Oloriz Classification System
The fingerprint classification system developed by Dr. Federico Oloriz (Aguillera 
or Aguilera).  This classifications system was the primary classification system used 
in Portugal and Spain prior to the use of computer filing systems, such as AFIS.

Oloriz, Dr. Federico 1855-1912 (Dr. Federico Oloriz Aguillera or Aguilera)
A Professor of Anatomy at the Madrid University who developed the primary fingerprint 
classification system used in Spain and Portugal throughout the 20th Century.  Dr. 
Oloriz established and named 10 fingerprint characteristics.

Olsen, Robert D. Sr. (May 15, 1934-1989)
Special Agent Robert Olsen, with the US Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, 
was instrumental in creating professional standards and training curriculums 
for the USACIL.  These standards and curriculums were so influential they were 
adopted by many civilian agencies.  He stressed practical applications and 
techniques, research, training, testing and professional standards.  Robert 
Olsen was most known for revising Walter Scott's 1951 book "Fingerprint 
Mechanics".  It was published in 1978 titled "Scott's Fingerprint Mechanics".  
To date, this book is considered one of the most comprehensive fingerprint books 
worldwide.  He encouraged active participation in professional organizations, 
research and publication.  He was extremely active in the IAI, a Fellow of the 
AAFS and a Fellow of the Fingerprint Society.  He wrote many articles and gave 
numerous presentations during his career.  Robert Olsen retired from the Army 
Crime Lab in 1978 and continued his career with the Kansas Bureau of Investigation 
until his death in 1989.  Robert Olson's friends remember him as someone who 
always had time and respect for everyone as well as someone who lead by example.

One Discrepancy Rule
The “one discrepancy rule” under which a single difference in appearance between
a latent fingerprint and a known fingerprint must rule out an identification unless the 
examiner has a valid explanation for the difference.
http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0603/ 05-27-2006

“Let us acknowledge that the one-dissimilarity doctrine has never been demonstrated 
to have originated from a firm scientific basis. Once we recognize this, we will not be 
forced to guess the manner of occurrence of unexplained differences. In view of a 
preponderance of matching characteristics, one dissimilarity isn’t important.”
John I. Thronton, “The One-Dissimilarity Doctrine in Fingerprint Identification”, 
International Criminal Police Review, No. 306, March 1977.

Another opinion:  A quality assurance guideline of some agencies, not a rule that 
governs the individualizations of the industry.  Examiners conclusions are made by 
considering several factors including dissimilarity, distortion, and discrepancies.  
The examiner also needs to decide if these factors are within acceptable limits.  
No scientific conclusion should ever be based on a single event or a single test.

Ontogenetic
Of or relating to the origin and development of individual organisms.
WordNet ® 1.6, © 1997 Princeton University
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ontogenetic 03-08-2003

Ontogenetic Theory of ridge development suggests that ridge units fuse 
together to form ridges.

Opinion
A belief held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge.
A conclusion based on special knowledge.
Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary, Office Edition.  
Houghton Mifflin Publishing Co.  Copyright 1984, Berkley Addition.

Open to dispute.

See Conclusion and Determination.

Orientation
The location and direction of an area of friction ridge detail.

Orthodactyly
Fingers and toes cannot be flexed.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf

Ortho-Tolidine
A chemical that is a presumptive test for blood and has also been used to 
develop friction ridge detail on human skin.  Aka O-Tolidine.

Osborn Grid Method
This involves preparing photographic enlargements of the latent and 
inked fingerprints. A grid of equally-sized squares is then superimposed 
on each, with the squares of each grid occupying identical positions on 
each print. The forensic scientist examines both imprints square by 
square looking for identical characteristics.
http://www.rsc.org/lap/educatio/eic/2002/sodhi_jul02.htm

Os calcis
A bone in the foot.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press

Osmium Tetroxide (Osmic Acid Fuming)
A fuming technique used to process items for latent fingerprints.  This 
process was developed in 1891 by Dr. Rene Forgeot.  When a latent print 
is exposed to the vapors, oxidation of sebaceous matter occurs.  This 
method has been found to be extremely hazardous and expensive is seldom, 
if ever, used.

Osterburg, James William
Former head of the Department of criminal justice at the University of 
Illinois at Chicago, a former New York Police Officer for 20 years, where 
he assisted in the investigation of thousands of serious crimes. Past 
President of the American Academy of Forensic Science. He also is a 
frequent participant in educational symposia discussing criminal 
investigation, criminalistics, fingerprint characteristics and scientific 
evidence. The author of books on criminalistics and scientific investigations. 
He has been a consultant to the State Department, the Department of Justice 
and the Stanford Research Institute.
http://www.angelfire.com/sc/Centner/jamesw.html

In 1977, Osterburg developed a statistical model to calculate the probability 
of two fingerprints being alike.  His model was one of the first to consider 
empty space and the first to consider the frequency of occurrence of different 
minutia.

O-Tolidine
See Ortho-Tolidine.

Outer Terminus
See Delta.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf

Overall Pattern
Overall pattern shape used during identification; first level detail.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press

Overlay
A double impression where additional friction ridges overlap an existing friction ridge 
image. Overlays will not coincide with ridge flow and may exhibit some type of 
checkering. Overlays are not immediate double impressions of ridge detail. Overlays 
may or may not be the same finger impression or made by the same person.
Charles Parker 09-06-2006