LCV
Leucocrystal Violet. Reagent used to detect / enhance bloody friction
ridge detail by either fluorescent or nonfluorescent staining.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Langenburg, Glenn
Glenn Langenburg is currently employed by the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal
Apprehension as a Certified Latent Print Examiner and Crime Scene Investigator.
Glenn earned a BS in Forensic Science from Michigan State University in 1993 and
a MS in Analytical Chemistry in 1999 from the University of Minnesota. Currently
he is a PHD candidate in the Forensic Science program at the University of
Lausanne, Switzerland, under the direction of Professor Christophe Champod.
His thesis research involves the statistical analysis of fingerprint comparison
methodology. He is also privileged to serve on SWGFAST. In addition to his
duties as a forensic scientist, Glenn is an adjunct professor at two universities
in Minnesota: Hamline University and Metropolitan State University.
Langerhans Cells
Cells in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis designed to process
foreign antibodies to the immune system.
Langill Decision (2007)
See State of New Hampshire v. Richard Langill.
Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A device that
produces a coherent wavelength(s) of light. See FLS
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
First used for viewing latent prints by a team of Canadian researchers in 1976.
These researchers were E. Roland Menzel of Texas Tech University, Brian E.
Dalrymple of the Ontario Provincial Police, and J.M. Duff of the Xerox Research
Centre of Canada.
J. Forensic Sci. 22, (1), 106 (1977).
A special lens is used to expand the laser beam to the entire viewing area.
The first testimony in the United States regarding this method of visualization
was in 1981 in Sierra Vista, Arizona by Ed German.
Latent Print
Transferred impression of friction ridge detail not readily visible;
generic term used for questioned friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A fingerprint that is not apparent to the eye but can be made
sufficiently visible, as by dusting or fuming, for use in identification.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=latent&r=3 02-27-03
Latent Print Recovery Conditions
Whether or not a latent is recovered is dependant on:
1. The surface (substrate):
a) Its physical composition,
b) Its texture,
c) Condition,
d) and cleanliness.
2. The person touching the item:
a) The condition of their ridges (which could be affected by medical
condition or occupation),
b) how much they sweat (which is dependant on age, diet, temperature,
emotional state, medical condition and the recent amount of physical exertion),
c) And the pressure they apply.
3. Whether or not there is a transferable substance on the friction skin other than sweat.
4. Post transfer conditions:
a) The environment (heat or rain will deteriorate a latent),
b) How it's handled (handling and packaging may destroy a latent)
c) and the developing medium.
Latzina, Dr. Francisco
A fingerprint pioneer that is credited with influencing Vucetich to change
the name of his classification system from Icnofalangometria to Dactiloscopy.
Laws
Generalizations about what has happened, from which we can
generalize about what we expect to happen. They pertain to
observational data. The ability of the ancients to predict
eclipses had nothing to do with whether they knew just how
they happened; they had a law but not a theory.
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/oct99/940942724.Sh.r.html 02-27-03
States an observation without any attempt to explain it (law of gravity).
Law of Biological Uniqueness
The Scientific Law that states that all items in nature are unique.
Leadbetter, Martin FFS, RFP, Bachleor of Arts + Honours
Martin Leadbetter was employed within the Fingerprint Branch at New Scotland
Yard from 1966/72. During this period he was also responsible for attending
crime scenes in Central London as a Divisional Fingerprint Officer. Having
qualified as a Fingerprint Expert in 1972, he transferred to the Gloucestershire
Constabulary where he remained employed for just over two years, after which he
took up the post of Deputy Head of the Fingerprint Bureau for Hertfordshire
Constabulary, just north of London.
In 1988 he was seconded to the Home Office as part of the team investigating
implementation of a national AFIS for England and Wales. This secondment lasted
until 1991 and during this time he assisted in the writing of the Detailed
Operation Requirement for a national AFIS and made several visits with the bench-
marking team to the USA and France where systems produced by Printrak, NEC, Morpho
Systèmes (now Sagem) and ISS were all tested.
From January 1991/August 1995 he was employed by Sagem SA as Fingerprint Expert
and Consultant. During this period he visited the police departments of more than
thirty countries worldwide, including two visits to Siberia, South American countries,
South Africa, numerous visits to the USA, Russia and most European countries.
In September 1995 he took up his present post as Head of the Fingerprint Bureau for
Cambridgeshire Constabulary, based in the East Anglian region of the UK.
He has been a member of IAI since 1978, a Distinguished Member since 1988 and achieved
Life Membership in 2003. He is a Founder, Fellow and Life Member of The Fingerprint
Society and was its first Secretary and Assistant Editor of the Society's journal,
Fingerprint Whorld for just on fifteen years. Today, Mr. Leadbetter is a serving
member of The Fingerprint Society Committee. Recently, he has acted in a consultative
position in Bosnia, assisting the European Union Police to implement a national AFIS
for that country. He has addressed several conferences, both at home and abroad, in
particular at the Humboldt University, East Berlin, Surgut, Siberia and most recently,
in October 2004 at the Centenary Conference in Budapest, which celebrated the first
hundred years of the fingerprint system in Hungary.
At home he is now very active holding several important national posts. He is a member
of the National Fingerprint Board of England and Wales, Chairman of the Bureau
Practitioners' Sub-Group and a member of the Standards Working Group. Until recently
he chaired the Third Level Detail Sub-Group, which had been instigated by the
Association of Chief Police Officers to investigate the potential use of so-called
'third level detail' within the identification process. He also sits on the IAI's
International Committee and is a member of the Journal of Forensic Identification's
Editorial Board.
He is a Registered Forensic Practitioner with the Council for the registration of Forensic
Practitioners and Member of the British Academy of Forensic Sciences and holds the degree
of Bachelor of Arts with Honours.
Throughout his long career within the fingerprint discipline he has been a constant
contributor to forensic and scientific journals. He strongly holds the view that
fingerprint identification is not a science, but a technique that requires
considerable skill, but is prepared to compromise and accept that it has a scientific,
albeit a rather nebulous 'scientific' basis.
In his spare time Martin Leadbetter enjoys gourmet cooking, wine and is a composer having
written three symphonies, numerous works for chamber and instrumental ensembles, more than
fifty songs, and works for choir, band and orchestra. He is also a Member of the
Corporation of the Royal Albert Hall, London. As an author he has just completed his first
full-length novel, Deep and Crisp and Evil, which gives an uncompromising insight into the
working of the modern police service and forensic discipline.
11-24-2004
Martin Leadbetter retired from the Cambridgeshire Constabulary on Aug. 12, 2005. He
remains an active participant in the fingerprint industry.
Leuco Rhodamine 6G
A reagent that reacts with the heme moiety of the hemoglobin of red cells in
blood to visualize friction ridge detail left in blood. The sulfosalicylic
acid in this solution fixes the blood so no pretreatment is necessary.
Luo Yapping and Wang Yue. Journal of Forensic Identification Vol. 54, No. 5, 2004
Leucocrystal Violet
A colorless or reduced form of gentian violet (per the FBI) used
to stain blood residue (through oxidation) on both porous and
nonporous items. Aka LCV.
Leucomalachite Green
Reagent used to detect / enhance bloody friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
LeuR6G
See Leuco rhodamine 6G.
Level 1 detail
Friction ridge flow and general morphological information.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
General overall pattern shape, i.e., circular, looping, arching, or straight.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
In Nov. 2004, the Third Level Detail working group (from the Standards Sub-Group
of the National Fingerprint Board of England and Wales) determined that it was not
necessary to subdivide the features used in friction ridge identifications. In
England and Wales these terms are no longer recognized and it has been established
that they should not be used. See Features.
Level 2 detail
Individual friction ridge paths and friction ridge events,
e.g. bifurcations, ending ridges, dots.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge path, major ridge path deviations, and paths caused by damage such as scars.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
In Nov. 2004, the Third Level Detail working group (from the Standards Sub-Group
of the National Fingerprint Board of England and Wales) determined that it was not
necessary to subdivide the features used in friction ridge identifications. In
England and Wales these terms are no longer recognized and it has been established
that they should not be used. See Features.
Level 3 detail
Friction ridge dimensional attributes, e.g., width, edge shapes
and pores.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Ridge shape, relative pore location, and some accidental details.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
In Nov. 2004, the Third Level Detail working group (from the Standards Sub-Group
of the National Fingerprint Board of England and Wales) determined that it was not
necessary to subdivide the features used in friction ridge identifications. In
England and Wales these terms are no longer recognized and it has been established
that they should not be used. See Features.
Lift
An adhesive or other medium on which recovered friction ridge
detail is preserved.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Light Wavelengths
Ultraviolet light wavelengths approx. 10nm-400nm
UV-C wavelengths approx. 200nm-280nm (dangerous)
UV-B wavelengths approx. 280nm-315nm (hazardous)
UV-A wavelengths approx. 315nm-400nm
Black light wavelengths approx. 345nm-400nm
Visible light wavelengths approx. 400nm-700nm
Purple wavelengths approx. 410nm
Blue wavelengths approx. 475nm
Green wavelengths approx. 510nm
Yellow wavelengths approx. 570nm
Orange wavelengths approx. 590nm
Red wavelengths approx. 650-700nm
Infrared light wavelengths approx. 700nm-1,000,000 nm
Visible light is sometimes referred to as white light. Technically speaking,
white light is a combination of all the colors in the visible light spectrum.
Lighting Techniques
Ambient, oblique or direct lighting are the most common types used
in this field.
Ligroine
See Petroleum ether.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Likelihood Ratios
A mathematical model to assess the likelihood that the corresponding features between
two fingerprints have the same donor. Tools currently under development use minutia
(ridge endings and bifurcations) and generate Likelihood Ratios. The main people
involved in this type of model include Christophe Champod, Paul Chamberlain, Glenn
Langenburg, and Cedric Nuemann.
Lipids
Fats or fat-like substances that are insoluble in water.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
The major component of sebaceous sweat, which includes fats, oils and waxes.
Liquid Nitrogen
An element used in its liquid state (-195 degree C)for the separation of
adhesive surfaces, as well as to enhance the fluorescence of Zinc Chloride
and Zinc Nitrate treated prints for visualization and photography.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Liqui-drox
Fluorescent yellow solution used to develop friction ridge detail on the
adhesive and non-adhesive sides of dark colored tape.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Liqui-nox ®
Detergent used in a solution to develop friction ridge detail on adhesive
and non-adhesive sides of tape; cleaning agent.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Locard, Edmond (1877-1966)
A major contributor in criminalistics in the early 1900’s. Locard trained
as a medical doctor in Lyon and did a thesis with Lacassagne. Lyon was at
that time one of the best places for forensic medicine in Europe (under the
guidance of Lacassagne).
In 1910, while successor to Lacassagne as Professor of Forensic Medicine at
the University of Lyon, France, Locard established the first police crime
laboratory.
In 1912, Locard established Poroscopy.
In the early 1910’s, Edmond Locard published his Tripartite Rule stating how
many Galton points were needed to make a positive fingerprint identification.
Locard's rule appears to have been based on his own work as well as the work
of others (Galton, Balthazard, etc.)
Due to some of Locard’s writings from the 1920’s and 30’s, the concept of the
unintentional transfer of different minute materials between objects became
known as Locard’s Exchange Principle (aka Locard’s Principle of Exchange).
Locard wasn’t the only person to recognize and publish this information but
he did articulate in better than others.
Locard's Principle of Exchange (aka Locards Exchange Principle)
Edmond Locard's Principle of Exchange states that when any two objects come
into contact, there is always transference of material from each object
onto the other.
http://www.computing.surrey.ac.uk/ai/impress/ 06-19-2003
Lockheed-Martin 50k x 50k Study (1999)
See FBI / Lockheed-Martin 50k x 50k Study (1999).
Loop - Radial
A type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter upon either side,
recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core and pass
out, or tend to pass out, on the same side the ridges entered. The flow
of the pattern runs in the direction of the radius bon of the forearm
(toward the thumb).
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Loop - Ulnar
A type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter upon either side,
recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core and pass
out, or tend to pass out, on the same side the ridges entered. The flow
of the pattern runs in the direction of the ulna bone of the forearm
(toward the little finger).
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Lophoscopy
The study of the development, the classification, and the identification
of the prints left by the papillary ridges of the skin.
http://users.tpg.com.au/kjw18/fingerprints/Referen/Fpterm/LTERM.HTM 11-12-2005
Loupe
A small magnifying glass.
Luminescence
Emission of light by energy from non-thermal sources (i.e., chemical,
biochemical, electrical), including both fluorescence and phosphorescence.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Any form of light that produces 'cool light' (vs. hot light) as with
fluorescence or phosphorescence. Often this term is used in situations
where the term phosphorescence is more appropriate.
Luminol
Luminol is a chemical that glows greenish-blue when it comes into contact
with blood (and some other items)- even traces that are years old. To be
exact, it reacts to hemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying protein in red-blood
cells. Luminol is so sensitive, it can detect blood at 1 part per million.
In other words, if there is one drop of blood within a container of 999,999
drops of water, luminol will glow.
http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/onthecase/toolbox/tool_01.html
|