IAFIS
The FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.
The acronym for Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, the FBI’s
national AFIS.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
IAI
International Association for Identification.
The IAI was founded by Harry Caldwell in 1915 in Oakland, California as
the "International Association for Criminal Identification". The name
was changed in 1918 to reflect the noncriminal work done by the
identification bureaus. The IAI has put out many publications since its
inception including the 'International Identification Outlook', 'Sparks
from the Anvil', 'Identification News' and the 'Journal of Forensic
Identification'.
IAI Resolutions
Resolution 1973 – Minimum Number of Characteristics (revised in 2009)
In 1973, The IAI Standardization Committee released the results of a three-year
study. They recommended and adopted that “no valid basis exists at this time
for requiring that a pre-determined minimum number of friction ridge characteristics
must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification.”
This was based on the fact that each print has a unique set of circumstances.
http://www.latent-prints.com/iai_standardization_committee.htm 03-21-2003
Resolution 1979 VII (revised in 1980, rescinded in 2010)
“THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that any member, officer or certified latent print
examiner who provides oral or written reports, or gives testimony of possible,
probable or likely friction ridge identification shall be deemed to be engaged
in conduct unbecoming such member, officer or certified latent print examiner
as described in Article XVII, Section 5, of the constitution of the International
Association for Identification, and charges may be brought under such conditions
set forth in Article XVI, Section 5, of the constitution. If such member be a
certified latent print examiner, his conduct and status shall be reconsidered by
the Latent Print Certification Board..."
www.clpex.com detail 78 Feb.3 2003
Resolution, 1980-V, (the amended version of Resolution VII, 1979, rescinded in 2010)
"Now therefore be it resolved that any member, officer or certified latent print
examiner who initiates or volunteers oral or written reports or testimony of
possible, probable or likely friction ridge identification, or who, when required
in a judicial proceeding to provide such reports or testimony, does not qualify it
with a statement that the print in question could be that of someone else, shall
be deemed to be engaged in conduct unbecoming such member,.…."
http://www.latent-prints.com/realizing_the_full_value_of_late.htm
Resolution 2009-10
RESOLVED, that the International Association for Identification recognizes that
Tenprint Identification (individualization) and Latent Print Identification
(individualization) utilize the same scientific methodology when practiced
by a person trained to competency.
Resolution 2009-18, the amended version of the 1973 Resolution
RESOLVED, the official position of the I.A.I., effective August 21, 2009, is as follows:
“There currently exists no scientific basis for requiring a minimum amount of
corresponding friction ridge detail information between two impressions to
arrive at an opinion of single source attribution.”
Resolution 2010-18, July 16, 2010
RESOLVED that, based upon the results of a multi-year study by the Standardization II
Review Committee, the IAI hereby recognizes the following:
7. The use of mathematically based models to assess the associative value of the
evidence may provide a scientifically sound basis for supporting the examiner’s opinion.
Examiners shall only use mathematically based models that have been accepted as valid
by the IAI in partnership with the relevant scientific community and in which they have
been trained to competency.
8. Mathematically based models may not be used as the sole determinant when concluding
that friction ridge impressions share a common source. The use of mathematically based
models does not relieve the examiner of responsibility for their expert opinion.
Due in part to the aforementioned statements recognized by the IAI, Therefore, be it further
RESOLVED, that Resolution 1979-7 and Resolution 1980-5 are hereby rescinded.
IEEGFI I and IEEGFI II
The Interpol European Expert Group on Fingerprint Identification. The IEEGFI I
was adopted by the 29th European Regional Conference, held in Reykjavik, Iceland.
The IEEGFI II was formed in May 2000 and was a progression of the IEEGFI II.
The goals of this group are 'To explore, define and establish common terminology
concerning the content of the fingerprint identification process and the general
application of this process to the detection, validation and comparison of ridge
detail, so as to provide basis for communication and promote uniformity' and 'To
define and establish recognised principles concerning the application of this
process so that it can be standardised, controlled and made objective. This may
cover aspects such as definitions, norms, standards, rules, guidelines and rules
of thumb'.
http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/fingerprints/WorkingParties/IEEGFI2/default.asp#4
INC
The common abbreviation for an ‘inconclusive’ determination, meaning that a conclusive
determination could not be arrived at.
INC is also used to indicate ‘incomplete’, meaning that a full comparison could not be
completed.
ISO
International Organization for Standardization.
Icnofalangometric or Icnofalangometria
The original name of the classification system developed by Juan Vucetich.
This name was later changed to 'Dactiloscopico' or 'Dactiloscopy'.
Identakey
A system of classification developed in the 1930's by G. Tyler Mairs. The aim of
this classification system was to unite the morphology described by Wilder and
Whipple and judicial identification. Fingerprints were broken down into classes,
families, orders, genus, species and subspecies. This system never caught on.
Suspect Identities, Simon A. Cole 2001 Harvard University Press
Identification
Establishing an association with a group or individual item.
The act or process of identifying; prove to be the same.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
1. See individualization.
2. In some forensic disciplines, this term denotes the similarity of class characteristics.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
Identification News
A magazine produced by the IAI and published from 1951-1957. In 2008, the IAI
began publishing Identification News again starting with Vol. 38 No.1.
Ideology
A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political,
economic, or other system.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ideology 02-27-03
Image Reversal
An Image Reversal is when the friction ridges in a latent print are reversed
from the standard direction. This typically occurs in unintentional transferred
prints and on latents lifted with rubber lifters.
Imbrication
The leaning of ridges in the same direction due to pressure while depositing a
fingerprint image.
Impressed Print
See Plastic Print.
Impression
An imprint left on a surface.
Friction ridge detail deposited on a surface.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
Inappropriate Decision
An unacceptable result based on human judgment and/or personal criterion. Inappropriate
decisions are errors in decision making, not errors in application.
See Error
Incipient
Beginning; coming into existence; immature.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Beginning to exist or appear.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=incipient 05-13-03
Incipient Ridge
An incipient ridge is an immature friction ridge. There are two kinds of ridges both
described by the word incipient.
1) An ‘incipient ridge’ may describe a ridge that is thinner and shallower than the
surrounding ridges. These incipient ridges may have immature pores associated with
them. They may not appear in all representations but are permanent and repeatable
friction ridge characteristics. (Ashbaugh, 1999)
2) An ‘incipient ridge’ may describe a ridge that is thinner and shallower than the
surrounding ridges. These ridges do not have pores associated with them. Generally,
they are not visible the first few years of life. They do not appear in all
representations, but once visible they are permanent and repeatable. They may be
considered occasional print features.
Also known as a nascent ridge, a rudimentary ridge or a subsidiary ridge.
A friction ridge not fully developed that may appear shorter and thinner than fully developed friction ridges.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
Inclusion
A latent image concurs with the exemplar but there is not enough to individualize.
Inconclusive
The determination by an examiner that there is neither sufficient agreement to
individualize, nor sufficient disagreement to exclude.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
1, 2-Indanedione (pronounced in-dane-die-on)
Compound that reacts with the amino acids present in print residue, producing
a fluorescent product when exposed to excitation wavelengths of 352-591 nm.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A chemical process used to find latent prints on porous items. The chemical
reacts with the amino acids in fingerprint residue and fluoresces under certain
wavelengths. Optimal viewing is done at 515nm-570nm with orange or red goggles.
This chemical process is an alternative to DFO reportedly resulting in similar
quality prints at a lower cost and easier to prepare.
Research by Jon Stimac of the Oregon State Police showed that the HFE-7100
formulation published by Wiesner (JFS 2001) can be used on thermal papers.
http://www.bvda.com/EN/prdctinf/en_ind_1.html 06-25-2003
The use of 1, 2-Indanedione for visualizing latent fingerprints on porous items
was discovered by Professor Madeleine Joullié and her graduate students,
Drs. Diane Hauze and Olga Petrovskaia, from the University of Pennsylvania.
Independent
Free from external influence, guidance, control, or constraint.
Individual Characteristics
Individual characteristics are those features that separate one item from another,
as opposed to class characteristics. When referring to fingerprints, level 2 and
level 3 details are considered to be individual characteristics.
Individualization
A deduction or inference by a practitioner that two impressions originated from
the same source. The subjective probability of an alternative conclusion being
possible is so remote that it can be eliminated as being plausible.
The state of being individualized.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
The determination by an examiner that there is sufficient quality and quantity of
detail in agreement to conclude that two friction ridge impressions originated
from the same source.
SWGFAST, Standard Terminology of Friction Ridge Examination 3-23-11 ver. 3.0
Individualize
Differentiate from other individuals; distinctive.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
WordNet ® 1.6, © 1997 Princeton
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=inductive%20reasoning 02-27-03
Infrared
Light wavelengths longer than the visible spectrum, 700- 1,000,000 nm.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Inherent Luminescence
Luminescence resulting from selected wavelength illumination without
chemical treatment.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Inked Print (Finger, Palm, Foot)
See Exemplar.
See Known Print.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Inner Terminus
See Core.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Institute of Applied Science
The IAS was founded in 1916 in Chicago, Illinois as “Evans University” by Captain
William K. Evans, of the United States Military Intelligence Agency, and T. G. Cooke.
One year after it was established Captain Evans was recalled to military service for
World War I and severed his connections with the school. The name was changed to
“The University of Applied Science”. The name changed again in 1929 to “The Institute
of Applied Science”. The IAS started as a correspondence school specializing in all
aspects of identification work. In 1919, they began publishing a monthly newsletter
called “Finger Print Magazine” which was later changed to “Finger Print and
Identification Magazine”. In 1952, T.G. Cooke died and his sons T. Dickerson Cooke
and Donald Cooke took over running the institution. They retired in 1975, selling the
IAS to Carreerco which moved the company to Syracuse, New York. There the school was
given the name of “The American Institute of Applied Science, Inc.” Finger Print and
Identification Magazine was published until 1988. In November of 1991, The American
Institute of Applied Science, Inc. was acquired by Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories,
Inc. and moved to its present location in Youngsville, North Carolina. Effective
January 15, 2008, Sirchie Acquisition Company, LLC, dba Sirchie Finger Print
Laboratories acquired substantially all assets, ongoing business, contract rights,
trade names and employee base of Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Premier
Crown Corp., and The American Institute of Applied Science, Inc."
Finger Print and Identification Magazine Oct. 1938
Journal of Forensic Identification 40 (1) 1994
Sirchie Acquisition Company
Inter-
Between different sources. Inter-source would be looking at or comparing the
variance between different sources.
See Intra-.
Interdigital
Palmar area below the fingers and above the thenar and hypothenar areas.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Between the digits; an area at the base of the digits.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
In some countries, such as Portugal, this area of the palm is known as the superior
region instead of the interdigital region.
Interdigital Delta’s
The deltas in the interdigital region of the palm have been referred to as the
clean delta, the snow cones, and the side cone.
International Association for Identification
See IAI.
International Association of Forensic Sciences
The International Association of Forensic Sciences was inaugurated in 1957.
This organization holds world meetings every 3 years.
International Identification Outlook
The International Identification Outlook was the first periodical published
by the IAI. It began in 1916 and was only published for a short time.
Interstitial
Relating to or situated in the small, narrow spaces between tissues
or parts of an organ.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=interstitial07-01-2003
SWGFAST refers to incipient ridges as Interstitial.
Alfred R. Hale refers to interstitial ridges as Secondary ridges in
his paper "Morphogenesis of Volar Skin in the Human Fetus" 1952.
Inter-Subjectively Tested
Subjective conclusions that are independently tested by others. This
eliminates individual biases for a more objective conclusion.
Karl Popper contends that we never know the truth but we get closer
to it each time a single observation is inter-subjectively tested.
The more times people independently replicate a conclusion, the more
confident we can be in that conclusion.
Intervening Ridges
The number of friction ridges between two characteristics.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Intra-
Within the same source. Intra-source would be looking at or comparing the variance
within the same source.
See Inter-.
Intuition
The act or faculty of knowing or sensing without the use of rational
processes; immediate cognition.
Knowledge gained by the use of this faculty; a perceptive insight.
A sense of something not evident or deducible; an impression.
The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=intuition 03-18-2003
Instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes) 2: an
impression that something might be the case.
WordNet ® 1.6, © 1997 Princeton University
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=intuition 03-18-2003
Inverted Ridges
See Tonal Reversal.
Iodine
Element used as either a vapor or solution; binds with fats and oils
to visualize friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Iodine vapors are best used on porous surfaces. They color the fats and
oils present in sebaceous residue and as the iodine evaporates, the color
fades. It has been found that iodine works best on latents that are freshly
deposited. Due to the hazards associated with it and the advances of other
processing techniques, iodine is seldom used.
Iodine-Silver Transfer Method
A method for recovering friction ridge detail. Developed by John McMorris and
presented at the IAI California Division Conference in 1936.
Islands
Friction ridges of varying lengths.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol)
Solvent used in the preparation of reagents.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
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