Galton Details
Term referring to friction ridge characteristics attributed to
the research of English fingerprint pioneer, Sir Francis Galton.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Galton, Sir Francis (Feb. 16, 1822-Jan 17, 1911)
Early fingerprint pioneer. Credited with naming the original details found
in a fingerprint. In his 1892 book "Finger Prints", Galton refers to them
as forking ridges, beginning or ending ridges, islands and enclosures (pg. 90).
Garson, Dr. John George
Dr. Garson learned about anthropometry directly from Alphonse Bertillon. He was a
staunch supporter of the Anthropometry System in the late 1800's and early 1900’s.
During the 1890’s, he headed the Scotland Yard Anthropometric Office. In 1894, when
the Troup Committee recommended adding fingerprints to Bertillon cards, Garson
implemented a system of classification that was used in conjunction with the
anthropometry system but it doesn’t appear that the fingerprints were used for
identification purposes for some time after this. In 1900, he presented his system
to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Bradford and
subsequently wrote a book explaining it, titled “A System of Classification of
Finger Impressions” (1900). In the same year Dr. Garson testified in front of the
Bepler Committee against using fingerprints as a form of identification. Garson’s
name appears in some well-known identification cases. His name comes up as being
involved in Adolph Beck’s 1895 erroneous identification due to personal recognition
and he is known for testifying for the defense in the 1905 Stratton Brothers case.
General Electric Co. vs. Joiner (1997)
In a unanimous decision, the court overturned part of the lower court's decision,
ruling that trial judges can specify the kind of scientific testimony that juries can hear.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/supcourt/1997-98/genelec.htm 02-27-03
Some people have interpreted this court decision to mean that the courts can determine
if the science was applied reliably (which is different that Daubert which determines if
the science is reliable).
See Daubert and Kumho Tire Co.
Generating Layer of Epidermis
See Stratum Basale.
Genipin
A reagent used to develop friction ridge detail on porous items producing dark blue
images. Genipin can be visualized with or without fluorescence.
J Forensic Sci, Mar. 2004, Vol. 49, No. 2
Genetics
Having to do with origin and natural growth or the genes.
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, David R. Ashbaugh 1999 CRC Press
Gentian Violet
Violet stain used to develop or enhance friction ridge detail, which
can be viewed by either fluorescence or nonfluorescence.
Also known as Crystal Violet.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
A stain that dyes the fats, greases and oils that are sebaceous sweat.
Usually used on the adhesive side of tape.
George, Marc Terrance
On Sept. 24, 2005 Marc Terrance George tried to enter the United States illegally.
In the process it was determined George had altered his fingerprints by having
surgery to switch the skin on his hands and feet. On May 3, 2006, George was
sentenced to 13 months in jail for money laundering and drug trafficking.
In May 2007, the doctor who performed the surgery, Dr. José L. Covarrubias, was
arrested trying to enter the United States. Dr. Covarrubias was charged with
conspiring to distribute marijuana. In Nov. 2007, he plead guilty to a federal
charge of harboring and concealing a fugitive. On Feb. 12, 2008, he was
sentenced to 18 months in prison. 6 months were taken off of his sentence
for his cooperation during the investigation.
German, Edward Raymond
Ed German is considered to be one of the most prominent and influential examiners
in the latent print community. He began his career with the FBI in 1971 and has
since been involved in every aspect of latent print work, including research,
training, and setting industry standards. He has been a distinguished
representative of many fingerprint organizations - he held various leadership
roles in the IAI, is a Fellow in The Fingerprint Society, an active member of
ASCLD, a charter member of the Japan Identification Society, and is currently a
member and Committee Chairman for SWGFAST. Early on he was involved in many
research projects, the most notable resulting in his invention of Redwop in 1986.
In addition, he was responsible for the introduction of cyanoacrylate fuming,
potassium thiocyanate, and RUVIS to many English-speaking countries. He was the
first Examiner to testify to visualization of latent prints using lasers (Sierra
Vista, AZ, Oct. 1981), and was a key witness in the first Daubert Hearing (US v.
Mitchell, 1999). He has also been a contributor to many authoritative books and
publications, which include "Scott's Fingerprint Mechanics", "Advances of
Fingerprint Technology" and McGraw Hill "Encyclopedia of Science and Technology"
as well as being the primary author of the Boy Scouts of America's "Fingerprinting
Merit Badge Pamphlet". Besides his fingerprint expertise, he is also an expert in
many other areas of forensic science including footwear, tire, and fabric impression
evidence. This is only a brief summary of the contributions and accomplishments Ed
German has brought to the latent print community. He has received numerous awards
and honors for his significant efforts and is recognized as one of the leading
experts in his field.
Germinating Layer of Epidermis
See Stratum Basal.
Giglio v. United States (1972)
An extension of the Brady decision which states that the prosecutor is obligated to
disclose impeachment material to the defense. Impeachment material can include
honesty, integrity, impartiality, and credibility.
See Brady and United States v Henthorn.
Glacial Acetic Acid
Chemical used in the preparation of reagents and dye stains.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Glandular Folds
Folds on the underside of the epidermis that correspond to the friction
ridges, aka primary ridges.
Glycine
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and the second most common amino acid
found in proteins, occurring at a rate of approximately 7.5%. Since amino
acids are one of the organic components of eccrine sweat, glycine is often
used to test latent print chemicals for an amino acid reaction.
Gold Chloride
A metal salt used in the multimetal process for developing latent prints.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Gold Tetrachloride / Colloidal Gold
Initial suspension used in the Multimetal Deposition Process.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
Granular Layer of Epidermis
See Stratum Granulosum.
Grew, Dr. Nehemiah (September 26, 1641-March 25, 1712)
Dr. Nehemiah Grew was an English scientist and physician who microscopically
studied cells, tissues, and organs of plants. He was born in Mancetter Parish,
Warwickshire 1641 and died in 1712 in London. In 1684 he described the patterns
on the hands in great detail. Besides the ridges, he also noted pores. Dr.
Grew's writings are the earliest writing found on the subject of fingerprints.
Grieve, David L.
David Grieve began his fingerprint career in 1965 with the Portland Police Bureau,
Portland, Oregon. In 1974, Mr. Grieve became the technical supervisor of the
Washington State Patrol's Identification Section in Olympia, Washington, helping
to resurrect a state bureau that had been dormant for 13 years . Mr. Grieve
accepted a position with the Illinois State Police in 1982 at their Maywood
Laboratory as a forensic scientist. In 1984, Mr. Grieve assumed the responsibility
of training coordinator in the Illinois State Police Forensic Sciences Command, and
has since then trained over 65 forensic scientists in the mysteries and nuances of
latent print examination. Mr. Grieve was editor of the Journal of Forensic
Identification from 1990 to 2001, and has been a member of the FBI-sponsored
Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis, Study and Technology since 1996.
Mr. Grieve was selected by the US Attorney's Office in Philadelphia to be part of the
government's team in the first Daubert challenge to fingerprints, US v Mitchell, in
1999. Also that same year, Mr. Grieve testified for the defense in High Court, Glasgow,
Scotland, related to an incorrect fingerprint identification in which a police officer
was charged with perjury and subsequently acquitted. In addition, Mr. Grieve was the
chief delegate to the International Forensic Science Symposium in Taiwan, a moderator
at the International Symposium on Fingerprint Detection and Identification in Israel,
invited speaker to fingerprint conferences in the UK, and participated in a forensic
science exchange program in Moscow, Russia.
On Nov. 30, 2007, David Grieve retired from the Illinois State Police Department.
Gun Blueing
A solution consisting of acetic acid, selenious acid and cupric salt,
used to develop friction ridge detail on metal surfaces.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated 09-09-03 ver. 1.0
http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf
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